Our Marvelous Inner Ear Balance System (and its disorders)
The inner ear is best known for the cochlea, which converts sound into nerve impulses, for our hearing. But it also contains the vestibular system, which is crucial for balance. The vestibular system is responsible for detecting your head’s orientation in space and its motion. Angular acceleration, or rotational motion, is detected about 3 separate axes by the semicircular canals. Linear acceleration, as well as gravity, are detected in the forward and back direction as well as the side to side direction, by two “otolith organs”, the utricle and saccule. These sensors both directly trigger various reflex movements and provide information to the brain. The semicircular canals in the figure, together with the Otolith organs and associated nerves, form the vestibular system I’ll describe how they work below, but first a brief overview of their purpose. If you lean forward or to the side, the otolith organs sense gravity pulling down on your head. This triggers reflex action in muscles...